Table of Contents
RAID 1
Ingredientes:
| Sistema Operativo | Debian squeeze (debian-6.0.7-amd64-netinst.iso) |
| Discos | 2 de 4096 bytes por sector* |
| Tipo de Raid | RAID 1 |
| Live CD | Gparted (gparted-live-0.14.1-6-i486.iso) |
* Tambien conocido como Advanced Format. Provoca, si la herramienta no los maneja bien, particiones no alineadas
Nota He ido infinidad de veces adelante y atrás en el proceso, por lo que resumo los pasos realizados.
1. (Netinst) Borro todas las particiones
2. (Netinst) Creo las dos particiones en cada disco (/ y swap). Se me olvida marcar / como bootable
3. (Gparted) Ejecuto fdisk. Las particiones NO están alineadas.
3.1 (Gparted / fdisk ) Borro y creo la partición #2 en cada disco
3.2 (Gparted / gparted ) Creo una nueva partición dentro de #2 (es la #5) y la formateo a swap (en cada disco).
3.3 (Gparted / fdisk ) Ahora SI están alineadas las particiones
4. (Netinst) Marco las pariciones / y swap en cada disco como parte de RAID. Marco la / como bootable
5. (Netinst) Configuro los 2 RAID 1, uno para las particiones / (sda1 y sdb1) y otro para las swap (sda5 y sdb5)
6. Al arrancar veo que de nuevo las particiones NO están alineadas
6.1 Ejecuto parted y las elimino/creo de nuevo. Resumen:
Number Start End Size Type File system Flags 1 2048s 1921824767s 1921822720s primary ext3 boot, raid 2 1921824768s 1953525160s 31700393s extended lba 5 1921826816s 1953525160s 31698345s logical linux-swap(v1) raid
7. Instalo grub en el disco 2:
sudo grub-install /dev/sdb
RAID 5
Crear el RAID
mdadm --create --verbose /dev/md0 --raid-devices=4 --level=raid5 /dev/sda /dev/sdb /dev/sdc /dev/sdd
Formateamos el RAID
mkfs.ext3 /dev/md0
Instalación Raid en Debian
http://www.debian-administration.org/articles/512
http://www.esdebian.org/forum/viewtopic.php?forum=12&showtopic=103488
One thing should be added to this nice article in case this installation is being done on brand new pristine disks.
If Grub is being installed on the RAID1 boot sector rather than MBR and you are on x86 or x86_64, the debian installer will probably prompt you about having an MBR installed (as this is required for the BIOS to initially access the disk).
At this step you can only pick from one of the physical devices and not the RAID partitions. So the MBR should be manually installed on the other disks as a post installation task to ensure that no disk is being left MBRless and so unusable by the BIOS.
This should be true with PATA hardware and is something i went through when performing RAID sanity tests after an etch install (a year ago or so).
Most of the time i have no specific requirements for an MBR, so i usually tend to install the bootloader on the MBR and then duplicate it by hand on the other disks.
For the record, here's how I do the MBR replication:
# grub --no-floppy
device (hd0) /dev/sda root (hd0,0) setup (hd0) device (hd0) /dev/sdb root (hd0,0) setup (hd0) device (hd0) /dev/sdc root (hd0,0) setup (hd0) ... and so on. Notes: * --no-floppy speeds up grub's loading * the 'device' trick insures that the 2nd stage and the kernel are loaded from the same disk as the MBR, provides some independence from the BIOS settings (i've seen some voodoo cases where this was required) * to be noted that after the first disk, the grub-shell history is of great use: 3xup,bksp,b, enter, 3xup, enter, 3xup, enter , and so on ;) * take great care that the raid1 is in sync, to insure that all the required files are in their final position on disk * thanks to grub's architecture, this only has to be done when upgrading grub or when changing a disk, not on every reconfiguration or kernel upgrade.
Cambiar un disco
Mostramos los discos que hay
cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md1 : active raid5 sda2[0] sdc2[2] sdb2[1]
957232896 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]
mdadm --detail /dev/md1
/dev/md1:
Version : 00.90.03
Creation Time : Thu Oct 25 21:16:03 2007
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 957232896 (912.89 GiB 980.21 GB)
Device Size : 478616448 (456.44 GiB 490.10 GB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Preferred Minor : 1
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Fri Oct 26 11:48:40 2007
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K
UUID : 141d4151:1b6badaa:ac063430:591eaac6
Events : 0.10
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 2 0 active sync /dev/sda2
1 8 18 1 active sync /dev/sdb2
2 8 34 2 active sync /dev/sdc2
Los 3 discos del RAID 5 están funcionando correctamente.
Forzamos el fallo en un disco:
mdadm --manage --set-faulty /dev/md1 /dev/sdb2
mdadm: set /dev/sdb2 faulty in /dev/md1
cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md1 : active raid5 sda2[0] sdc2[2] sdb2[3](F)
957232896 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/2] [U_U]
mdadm --detail /dev/md1
/dev/md1:
Version : 00.90.03
Creation Time : Thu Oct 25 21:16:03 2007
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 957232896 (912.89 GiB 980.21 GB)
Device Size : 478616448 (456.44 GiB 490.10 GB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Preferred Minor : 1
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Fri Oct 26 12:04:08 2007
State : clean, degraded
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 1
Spare Devices : 0
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K
UUID : 141d4151:1b6badaa:ac063430:591eaac6
Events : 0.16
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 2 0 active sync /dev/sda2
1 0 0 1 removed
2 8 34 2 active sync /dev/sdc2
3 8 18 - faulty spare /dev/sdb2
En /var/log/syslog vemos las lineas:
Oct 26 12:04:03 servidor kernel: --- rd:3 wd:2 fd:1 Oct 26 12:04:03 servidor kernel: disk 0, o:1, dev:sda2 Oct 26 12:04:03 servidor kernel: disk 1, o:0, dev:sdb2 Oct 26 12:04:03 servidor kernel: disk 2, o:1, dev:sdc2 Oct 26 12:04:03 servidor kernel: RAID5 conf printout: Oct 26 12:04:03 servidor kernel: --- rd:3 wd:2 fd:1 Oct 26 12:04:03 servidor kernel: disk 0, o:1, dev:sda2 Oct 26 12:04:03 servidor kernel: disk 2, o:1, dev:sdc2 Oct 26 12:04:03 servidor mdadm: Fail event detected on md device /dev/md1, component device /dev/sdb2
Sacamos el disco del RAID5. Se saca en caliente si no está activo en el RAID:
mdadm /dev/md1 --remove /dev/sdb2
mdadm: hot removed /dev/sdb2
Aparece quitado:
mdadm --detail /dev/md1
/dev/md1:
Version : 00.90.03
Creation Time : Thu Oct 25 21:16:03 2007
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 957232896 (912.89 GiB 980.21 GB)
Device Size : 478616448 (456.44 GiB 490.10 GB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 2
Preferred Minor : 1
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Fri Oct 26 12:14:21 2007
State : clean, degraded
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K
UUID : 141d4151:1b6badaa:ac063430:591eaac6
Events : 0.62
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 2 0 active sync /dev/sda2
1 0 0 1 removed
2 8 34 2 active sync /dev/sdc2
Lo volvemos a añadir:
mdadm /dev/md1 -a /dev/sdb2
mdadm: re-added /dev/sdb2
mdadm --detail /dev/md1
/dev/md1:
Version : 00.90.03
Creation Time : Thu Oct 25 21:16:03 2007
Raid Level : raid5
Array Size : 957232896 (912.89 GiB 980.21 GB)
Device Size : 478616448 (456.44 GiB 490.10 GB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Preferred Minor : 1
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Fri Oct 26 12:15:12 2007
State : active, degraded, recovering
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
Layout : left-symmetric
Chunk Size : 64K
Rebuild Status : 0% complete
UUID : 141d4151:1b6badaa:ac063430:591eaac6
Events : 0.65
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 2 0 active sync /dev/sda2
3 8 18 1 spare rebuilding /dev/sdb2
2 8 34 2 active sync /dev/sdc2
Si volvemos a lanzar el comando:
Rebuild Status : 18% complete
Vemos como se está reconstruyendo el disco:
cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md1 : active raid5 sdb2[3] sda2[0] sdc2[2]
957232896 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/2] [U_U]
[>....................] recovery = 0.8% (3914236/478616448) finish=112.2min speed=70464K/sec
Configuracion
Para mirar el estado del RAID
#cat /proc/mdstat
md1 :
active raid5 sda2[0] sdc2[2] sdb2[1]
957232896 blocks level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [3/3] [UUU]
md0 :
active raid1 sda1[0] sdc1[2]
9767424 blocks [3/2] [U_U]
unused devices: <none>
Añadir un disco
Si tenemos un RAID 5 con 3 discos y queremos añadir otro, primero lo añadimos.
Actualmente el RAID está así:
#cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4]
md0 : active raid1 sda1[0] sdd1[2] sdc1[1]
9767424 blocks [3/3] [UUU]
#mdadm --detail /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 00.90.03
Creation Time : Thu Oct 25 21:15:28 2007
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 9767424 (9.31 GiB 10.00 GB)
Device Size : 9767424 (9.31 GiB 10.00 GB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 3
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Sat Nov 3 15:07:36 2007
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
UUID : a912d356:3a213509:fb13e982:631824f5
Events : 0.1284
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1
1 8 33 1 active sync /dev/sdc1
2 8 49 2 active sync /dev/sdd1
Añadimos el disco:
#mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/sdb1 mdadm: added /dev/sdb1
Ahora el disco aparecerà en reserva:
servidor:~# mdadm –detail /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 00.90.03
Creation Time : Thu Oct 25 21:15:28 2007
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 9767424 (9.31 GiB 10.00 GB)
Device Size : 9767424 (9.31 GiB 10.00 GB)
Raid Devices : 3
Total Devices : 4
Preferred Minor : 0
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Sat Nov 3 15:12:17 2007
State : clean
Active Devices : 3
Working Devices : 4
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
UUID : a912d356:3a213509:fb13e982:631824f5
Events : 0.1284
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 8 1 0 active sync /dev/sda1
1 8 33 1 active sync /dev/sdc1
2 8 49 2 active sync /dev/sdd1
3 8 17 - spare /dev/sdb1
Aumentamos el tamaño del RAID para que lo coja: #mdadm –grow /dev/md0 –raid-devices=4
md0 : active raid1 sdb1[4] sda1[0] sdd1[2] sdc1[1]
9767424 blocks [4/3] [UUU_]
resync=DELAYED
md1 : active raid5 sda2[0] sdb2[3] sdd2[2] sdc2[1]
957232896 blocks super 0.91 level 5, 64k chunk, algorithm 2 [4/4] [UUUU]
[>....................] reshape = 1.4% (7020736/478616448) finish=539.3min speed=14570K/sec
Para que coja todo el tamaño del disco:
#mdadm --grow /dev/md1 --size=max
Todavía no ha cogido el filesystem todo el tamaño: #pvdisplay
--- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/md1 VG Name servidor PV Size 912.89 GB / not usable 0 Allocatable yes (but full) PE Size (KByte) 4096 Total PE 233699 Free PE 0 Allocated PE 233699 PV UUID FWHDaX-piDe-3962-ThyA-xUoX-I49J-v2qOoF
Le decimos que lo coja todo:
# pvresize /dev/md1
Physical volume "/dev/md1" changed 1 physical volume(s) resized / 0 physical volume(s) not resized
servidor:~# pvdisplay
--- Physical volume --- PV Name /dev/md1 VG Name servidor PV Size 1.34 TB / not usable 0 Allocatable yes PE Size (KByte) 4096 Total PE 350549 Free PE 116850 Allocated PE 233699 PV UUID FWHDaX-piDe-3962-ThyA-xUoX-I49J-v2qOoF
Primero hacemos un test: #lvresize -v -d -t -L +457G /dev/servidor/servidor_home
Nos la jugamos:
#lvresize -v -d -L +457G /dev/servidor/servidor_home
Found volume group "servidor"
Loading servidor-servidor_home table
Suspending servidor-servidor_home (253:3)
Found volume group "servidor"
Resuming servidor-servidor_home (253:3)
Logical volume servidor_home successfully resized
Una vez añadido incrementamos el tamaño online. Necesitamos el paquete ext2resize: #ext2online /dev/servidor/servidor_home
Cambiar disco en frio (apagando server)
1. Apagar servidor
2. Desconectar disco que creemos que falla
3. Arrancar servidor
4. Entrar en la BIOS
supr
5. Comprobar que el unico disco conectado es master. En mi caso en la BIOS Asus:
SATA6G_1
6. (Opcional) si el disco no estaba como master apagar servidor y conectar el disco como master cambiando cables y encender de nuevo
7. Arrancar servidor
8. Tocar flecha arriba/abajo para que muestre opciones de grub
9. Arrancar en modo recovery
10. Decir que se quiere arrancar el RAID degradado
y Enter
11. Arrancar normal
TODO: provide menu label Enter
12. Ver las pariciones del disco bueno, en mi caso /dev/sda
sudo fdisk /dev/sda
The device presents a logical sector size that is smaller than the physical sector size. Aligning to a physical sector (or optimal I/O) size boundary is recommended, or performance may be impacted. Command (m for help):
p
Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x000ab48f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 * 2048 1953523711 976760832 fd Linux RAID autodetect Command (m for help):
q
13. Copiar el mismo particionado:
13.1. Crear particion
sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
The device presents a logical sector size that is smaller than the physical sector size. Aligning to a physical sector (or optimal I/O) size boundary is recommended, or performance may be impacted. Command (m for help):
p
Disk /dev/sdb: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0x4d1b267d Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System Command (m for help):
n
Partition type: p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free) e extended Select (default p):
Enter
Using default response p Partition number (1-4, default 1):
Enter
Using default value 1 First sector (2048-1953525167, default 2048):
Enter
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-1953525167, default 1953525167):
Enter
Using default value 1953525167 Command (m for help):
w
The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.
13.2. Cambiar label
sudo fdisk /dev/sdb
The device presents a logical sector size that is smaller than the physical sector size. Aligning to a physical sector (or optimal I/O) size boundary is recommended, or performance may be impacted. Command (m for help):
t
Selected partition 1 Hex code (type L to list codes):
fd
Changed system type of partition 1 to fd (Linux RAID autodetect) Command (m for help):
w
The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. Syncing disks.
14. Ver estado del raid:
cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md0 : active raid1 sda1[1]
976629568 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [_U]
unused devices: <none>
15. Anyadir particion (en mi caso /dev/sdb1) al RAID (en mi caso md0)
sudo mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/sdb1
mdadm: added /dev/sdb1
16. Ver progreso
cat /proc/mdstat
Personalities : [linear] [multipath] [raid0] [raid1] [raid6] [raid5] [raid4] [raid10]
md0 : active raid1 sdb1[2] sda1[1]
976629568 blocks super 1.2 [2/1] [_U]
[>....................] recovery = 0.0% (19072/976629568) finish=15349.0min speed=1059K/sec
unused devices: <none>
17. Install grub on the MBR of new hard disk
sudo grub-install /dev/sdb
/usr/sbin/grub-probe: warning: Couldn't find physical volume `(null)'. Some modules may be missing from core image.. Installation finished. No error reported.
TODO: quiza esperar a que termine el rebuild
Errores
incrementally starting raid arrays
A mi me paso cuando casco 1 de los 2 discos de un RAID 0 e intente arrancar con uno de los discos.
Entra en un loop infinito y no llega a arrancar:
incrementally starting raid arrays mdadm: Create user root not found mdadm: create group disk not found incrementally started raid arrays
Causa: intercanvie de lugar en la placa base el disco. Es decir, antes era el disco maestro, y lo puse conectado a los cables que lo hacian esclavo
Solucion
http://www.larrystendebach.com/fixing-incrementally-starting-raid-arrays/
1. Volver a colocar el disco en la “posicion” que okupaba anteriormente en el RAID. Basicamente ensallo/error. Se apaga el servidor, se colocan cables y se enciende. ¿Que no arranca? se vuelve a apagar y se cambian cables etc…
2. Una vez haya arrancado:
sudo su echo mpt2sas >>/etc/initramfs-tools/modules
3. Apagar el servidor. Ya se puede colocar el disco en cualquier posicion que arrancara
Recuperar RAID
# mdadm --detail --scan
ARRAY /dev/md/0 metadata=1.2 name=proxmox01:0 UUID=ccc2aadb:7808895c:d4339489:b9b0e569 ARRAY /dev/md/2 metadata=1.2 name=proxmox01:2 UUID=bc05007c:2855e55e:45d0671c:86e24616 ARRAY /dev/md/1 metadata=1.2 name=proxmox01:1 UUID=4b92d787:c7f43fb7:ab52584c:c6207c8a